Clean Air & Lung Health

California Smokers Helpline : You Can Quit. We Can Help!

The California Smokers’ Helpline is operated by the Moores UCSD Cancer Center under the direction of Shu-Hong Zhu, PhD, Professor of Family and Preventive Medicine.

The Helpline is staffed with caring, trained professionals. Most have a bachelor’s degree or higher, and all are fully trained in helping smokers quit. They understand that for many, quitting smoking may be the hardest thing they’ve ever done. They are nonjudgmental in their approach and proactive in providing support. Helpline counselors are fluent in English, Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, Korean, and Vietnamese, the six most common languages in California. To learn about the Helpline’s free services, start here.

The Center for Tobacco Cessation (CTC) is an affiliate of the Helpline. It provides training and technical assistance to local organizations across California to help build capacity in tobacco cessation. CTC faculty members have expertise in many areas of tobacco cessation, including the cessation facilitation, integration of cessation treatment into health care and behavioral health settings, treatment considerations for special populations such as pregnant smokers, teenagers, and tobacco chewers, evaluation of cessation programs, and more. CTC trainings often feature additional faculty who are national or international experts in their areas of focus.

What is in Tobacco?

Nicotine is a very addictive drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream when a tobacco product is smoked, chewed, or inhaled. On average a smoker will take 10 puffs on a cigarette over a period of five minutes that a cigarette is lit¹. An individual who smokes about 30 cigarettes daily gets 300 dosages of nicotine a day². Once nicotine enters the bloodstream it immediately stimulates the adrenal glands to release the hormone epinephrine. Epinephrine stimulates the central nervous system and increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Glucose is released into the blood stream while nicotine suppresses insulin output from the pancreas, which means that smokers have chronically elevated blood sugar levels. Nicotine increases levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which affects the brain pathways that control reward and pleasure; long-term brain changes because of continued nicotine exposure can lead to nicotine addiction. Studies suggest that supplementary compounds found in cigarettes like acetaldehyde, may increase the nicotine’s effects on the brain. Other studies indicate that teenagers are especially susceptible to these effects and may be more likely than adults to develop an addiction to tobacco.

What is in Tobacco?

Nicotine is a very addictive drug that is absorbed into the bloodstream when a tobacco product is smoked, chewed, or inhaled. On average a smoker will take 10 puffs on a cigarette over a period of five minutes that a cigarette is lit¹. An individual who smokes about 30 cigarettes daily gets 300 dosages of nicotine a day². Once nicotine enters the bloodstream it immediately stimulates the adrenal glands to release the hormone epinephrine. Epinephrine stimulates the central nervous system and increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Glucose is released into the blood stream while nicotine suppresses insulin output from the pancreas, which means that smokers have chronically elevated blood sugar levels. Nicotine increases levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which affects the brain pathways that control reward and pleasure; long-term brain changes because of continued nicotine exposure can lead to nicotine addiction. Studies suggest that supplementary compounds found in cigarettes like acetaldehyde, may increase the nicotine’s effects on the brain. Other studies indicate that teenagers are especially susceptible to these effects and may be more likely than adults to develop an addiction to tobacco.

How to Prevent Health Effects of Tobacco?

The following health improvements will take place after quitting smoking⁷:

• In 20 minutes blood pressure drops back to normal.
• In 8 hours the carbon monoxide levels in the blood stream drop by half. Oxygen levels return to normal.
• In 48 hours the chance of having a heart attack decreases. All nicotine has left the body. The sense of taste and smell return to a normal level.
• In 72 hours the bronchial tubes relax and energy levels increase.
• In 2 weeks circulation increases and continues to improve for the next 10 weeks.
• In 3-9 months coughs, wheezing, and breathing problems dissipate as lung capacity improves by 10%.
• In 1 year the risk of having a heart attack drops by half.
• In 5 years the risk of having a stroke returns to that of a non-smoker.
• In 10 years the risk of lung cancer returns to that of a non-smoker.
• In 15 years the risk of heart attack returns to that of a non-smoker.

Our history as an organization is steeped in the mission to increase awareness about this serious lung disease. More than 100 years later we’re still committed to decreasing the number of those affected by tuberculosis.

We care about every lung ailment and are dedicated to ensuring that no disease goes unnoticed or uncared for.

For more information, visit the below resources for tips on you can learn more on lung health.

Wildfire Information & Resources

Californians can go to response.ca.gov, a new web portal that provides information and resources for current fires, evacuations, shelters, utility power shutoffs, road closures, health services, and more. For additional resources and information, please see:

The Power of Being Prepared: https://prepareforpowerdown.com

California Heath & Human Services Agency Resource Guide: www.chhs.ca.gov/blog/2019/10/25/public-safety-power-shutoffs-resource-guide

CAL FIRE’s Wildfire Preparedness website: www.readyforwildfire.org

Cal OES website: www.caloes.ca.gov

What Are Acute Lower Respiratory Infections?

Acute lower respiratory infections are infections that affect the lung alveoli like, pneumonia, and infections that affect the airways like acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis, influenza and whooping cough. Acute lower respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of illness and deaths in children and adults.

• Acute Bronchitis & Bronchiolitis
• Influenza (Flu)
• Pneumonia

What Causes Acute Lower Respiratory Infections?

Acute Bronchitis & Bronchiolitis is a short-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which are the airways that carry air to the lungs. Most cases of acute bronchitis get better within several days, but the cough can last for several weeks after the infection is gone. Most cases of acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis are related to virus like the flu and other cases are caused by bacteria.

Influenza (Flu) is a contagious respiratory infection caused by viruses. Every year millions of Americans get sick with the flu. Sometimes it causes mild illness, but it can also be serious or even deadly, especially for people over 65, newborn babies and people with underlying conditions.  There are different influenza viruses that can cause infections.

Pneumonia is an infection in one or both of the lungs which causes the air sacs of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus. It can range from mild to severe, depending on what caused the infection, your age and your overall health.  The most common cause of pneumonia in adults is called by a bacterium called Streptococcus pneumonia. Different viruses can also cause pneumonia and influenza.

What Are The Symptoms?

• Acute Bronchitis & Bronchiolitis
  • The main symptom of acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis is a consistent cough
• Influenza (Flu)
  • The most common symptoms are fever, muscle pain, headache, cough, sore throat and a blocked nose. The infection from flu could lead to pneumonia.
• Pneumonia
  • The most common symptoms of pneumonia are a cough along with a fever and breathlessness

How Can I Prevent Acute Lower Respiratory Infections?

• The best way to prevent infections is vaccines
• There are vaccines for pneumonia and for the flu
• No vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

What To Do If I Think I May Have Acute Lower Respiratory Infection?

• Acute Bronchitis & Bronchiolitis
  • If you suspect that you have acute bronchitis you do not need to visit your doctor for a diagnosis, unless you have severe or persistent symptoms. With most cases of acute bronchitis, no drugs are required to treat
• Influenza (Flu)
  • Most people with the flu recover on their own without medical care, if you have a mild case of the flu, you should stay home and avoid contact with others, except to get medical care.
  • If you have severe symptoms or are in a high risk group and are very worried or sick about your symptoms, contact your healthcare provider. Your doctor may need antiviral medicines to treat the flu and prevent serious flu complications.
• Pneumonia
  • Treatment for pneumonia depends on the type of pneumonia and how severe it is. Your doctor may give you antibiotics to treat bacterial pneumonia and some types of fungal pneumonia. Your provider may prescribe antiviral medicines for viral pneumonia and antifungal medicines for other types of fungal pneumonia.

Reference

Acute bronchitis | Bronchitis symptoms | MedlinePlus. (2017). Retrieved August 28, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/acutebronchitis.html

Flu | Flu symptoms | Stomach flu | Influenza | MedlinePlus. (2017). Retrieved August 28, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/flu.html

Pneumonia | Pneumonia symptoms | Signs of pneumonia | MedlinePlus. (2017). Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/pneumonia.html

What you need to know about influenza (flu) from CDC. (2020). Retrieved August 27, 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/index.htm

What Is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

Acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS) is a serious, life threatening lung condition that causes fluid to buildup in the air sacs (alveoli) and that prevents oxygen from passing into the bloodstream. The fluid buildup also makes the lungs heavy and stiff and that decreases the lungs’ ability to expand.

What Causes Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

ARDS is caused by any injury to the lung, common causes include:

• Breathing vomit into the lungs (aspiration)
• Inhaling chemicals
• Lung transplants
• Pneumonia
• Septic shock (infection throughout the body)
• Trauma

ARDS often occurs along with failure of other organ systems, such as liver or kidneys.

What Are The Symptoms?

ARDS can develop over a few days or it can get worse very quickly, the first symptoms of ARDS are usually shortness of breath. Other common symptoms/signs of ARDS are:

• Discolored skin or nails
• Dry cough
• Fever
• Headaches
• Labored and rapid breathing
• Low blood pressure
• Low blood oxygen
• Muscle fatigue and general weakness
• Tachycardia

How Can I Prevent Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

There is no way to prevent ARDS completely, but you can lower your risk by:

• Seek medical attention for any trauma, infection or illness
• Stop smoking and stay away from secondhand smoke
• Stop drinking alcohol
• Get your flu vaccine annually and pneumonia vaccine every 5 years

ARDS is often a complication of another condition and there are factors that increase the risk of developing ARDS

• A history with alcohol or tobacco misuse
• Age over 65 years
• Chronic lung disease

What To Do If I Think I May Have Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

To diagnose ARDS, your doctor or your child’s doctor will do a physical exam, review the patient’s medical history, measure blood oxygen levels, and order a chest X-ray. Supplying oxygen is the main treatment for ARDS. Other treatments help make you more comfortable or aim to eliminate the cause of ARDS. Treatments for ARDS may help prevent serious or life-threatening complications, including organ damage or organ failure.

References

Acute respiratory distress syndrome. (2019). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome: MedlinePlus medical encyclopedia. (2020). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000103.htm

ARDS – Symptoms and causes. (2020). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ards/symptoms-causes/syc-20355576

What Is Adult Asthma?

Asthma is a common condition that can affect people of all ages. Although many people first develop asthma during childhood, asthma symptoms can occur later in life. Adults who develop asthma are said to have adult onset asthma.

Asthma is a disease in which a person’s airways are obstructed due to increased responsiveness to various stimuli including allergens and irritants. Constriction of muscles around the airways and inflammation result in swelling of the lining and increased mucus production causing difficulty in breathing.

What Causes Adult Asthma?

There are several factors, both genetic and environmental, that can make a person more likely to develop adult onset asthma.

• Women are more likely than men to develop asthma after the age of 20. Hormonal fluctuations in women may play a role, some women first develop asthma symptoms during or after pregnancy and women going through menopause can develop asthma symptoms for the first time.
• Obesity seems to significantly increase the risk of developing asthma as an adult
• People who had asthma in childhood may see asthma recur later in life
• At least 30% of adult asthma cases are triggered by allergies
• Exposure to allergens or irritants, like cigarette smoke, chemicals, mold, dust and other substances commonly found in a person’s environment (home or workplace) might trigger the first asthma symptoms
• Different illnesses, viruses or infections can factor in adult onset asthma

What Are The Symptoms?

The symptoms of asthma can vary from person to person and they can vary in severity. The most common asthma symptoms are:

• Coughing
• Wheezing- a whistling sound- when exhaling
• Shortness of breath (after exercise or physical exertion)
• Difficulty breathing
• Tightness and pressure in the chest
• Dry cough, especially at night

Symptoms can worsen over hours or even minutes, leading to severe restriction of the airways, this is known as an asthma attack or episode.

How Can I Prevent Adult Asthma?

In most cases of asthma, the direct cause is unknown, making it difficult to know the best way to prevent its development. Although you can work to prevent exposure to materials that potentially cause asthma, like cigarette smoke, hazardous chemicals, mold, dust, etc.

What To Do If I Think I May Have Adult Asthma?

If you think that you have adult onset asthma, talk to your doctor. To diagnose asthma, your doctor will ask you questions about your symptoms perform a physical exam and conduct lung function tests.

It is important to get diagnosed and treated as soon as possible because untreated asthma can contribute to even greater loss of lung function.

There is currently no cure for asthma, but it can be managed, to control symptoms and prevent the worsening of symptoms and asthma attacks. The management of asthma includes, identifying and avoiding exposure to allergens and irritants, taking prescribed medications, and creating and following an asthma action plan.

Reference

Adult Onset Asthma (2020). Retrieved September 1, 2020, from https://asthmaandallergies.org/asthma-allergies/adult-onset-asthma/

What Is Bronchiectasis?

Bronchiectasis is a condition that refers to the widening, or ecstasis of the airways because of repeated damage. Bronchiectasis is usually the result of an infection or another condition that injures the walls of the airways or prevents the airways from clearing mucus. With bronchiectasis the airways slowly lose their ability to clear out mucus, and when that mucus is not cleared, it builds up and creates an environment in which bacteria can grow, leading to repeated and serious lung infections. With every infection there is more damage to the airways and overtime the airways lose their ability to move air in and out, preventing oxygen from reaching the vital organs. Bronchiectasis can lead to more serious health problems like respiratory failure and heart failure.

What Causes Bronchiectasis?

The initial lung damage that leads to bronchiectasis often begins in childhood, however symptoms may not occur until months or even years after the repeated lung infections. In the United States, common childhood infections like the whooping cough or measles, used to be some of the main causes of bronchiectasis, but with vaccines and antibiotics, these causes are much less common. Now some of the main causes of bronchiectasis are other lung conditions like cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.

People with certain underlying genetic conditions, like cystic fibrosis or abnormal cilia, are likely to develop bronchiectasis due to the nature of the mucus they produce or problems with the function of the cilia in their airways. People with problems with the function of their immune systems often develop the condition as their immune systems is unable to fight off infections. People with severe asthma, COPD or interstitial lung disease may also develop bronchiectasis, which can further complicate their condition.

What Are The Symptoms?

• Breathlessness
• Chronic cough
• Excessive amounts of sputum (often yellow)
• Repeated infections in the airways and lungs and therefore common infection symptoms like fever and general tiredness

How Can I Prevent Bronchiectasis?

Early diagnosis can help control symptoms and delay the progression of the condition. Childhood vaccines against whooping cough and measles may protect against the development of bronchiectasis and regular flu vaccines are advised to reduce the chance of complications to the condition from bacterial infection.

What To Do If I Think I May Have Bronchiectasis?

There is currently no cure for bronchiectasis but with proper care, most people who have it can enjoy a good quality of life. Early diagnosis and treatment of bronchiectasis are important, the sooner you and your doctor start treating your condition and any other underlying conditions, the better your chances of preventing further lung damage.

• Bronchiectasis is usually confirmed by a CT scan, which would show abnormal airways more clearly than a simple chest X-ray
• Airway clearance techniques (physiotherapy) to assist coughing up the excess mucus from the lungs
• Reducing airway narrowing with inhaled B2 agonists
• Regular macrolide treatment (a type of antibiotic with anti-inflammatory effects)
• Treating exacerbations with antibiotics

References

Pneumonia | Pneumonia symptoms | Signs of pneumonia | MedlinePlus. (2020). Retrieved October 31, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/pneumonia.html

What Is Childhood Asthma?

Asthma is a condition that causes inflammation in the airways and it is the most common long-term condition in children. Asthma can begin at any time but it is most likely to begin in childhood. With asthma, the lungs and airways get inflamed and make it hard for a child to do everyday activities. Unmanaged asthma can cause dangerous asthma attacks.

Increased immune system sensitivity causes the lungs and airways to swell and produce mucus when exposed to certain triggers. Triggers can vary from child to child and can include:

• Viral infections
• Exposure to irritants like air pollutants, tobacco smoke, and chemicals
• Exposure to allergens like dust mites, pet dander, pollen or mold
• Physical activity
• Weather changes or cold air

What Causes Childhood Asthma?

Asthma is caused by both environmental and genetic factors and there is no way to predict which children will develop asthma, but studies have identified certain predictors.

• A family history of allergies or asthma
• Diagnosed skin and food allergies
• Prenatal and postnatal exposure to tobacco smoke
• Obesity
• Airway infections at a very young age
• Living in areas with high pollution

What Are The Symptoms?

Symptoms are more likely to occur at night or early in the morning. They can worsen in hours or even minutes and can lead to severe obstruction of the airways, causing an asthma episode or attack.  Symptoms and their severity can vary from child to child.

Common symptoms of childhood asthma include:

• Whistling or wheezing sound when breathing out
• Frequent cough (worsens when child has a viral infection, when child is sleeping or when they exercise)
• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness or congestion

How Can You Prevent Childhood Asthma?

There are several factors, both genetic and environmental, that can make a child more likely to develop asthma. There is no one way to prevent the development of asthma. There are factors that might increase your child’s likelihood of developing asthma.

What To Do If I Think My Child May Have Childhood Asthma?

If you think that your child has asthma, make an appointment with your child’s doctor for an official diagnosis. Early treatment will help to control their symptoms and prevent possible asthma attacks. Creating an asthma action plan with your child’s health care team will help you keep track of your child’s symptoms and know what to do when their symptoms worsen.

References

Asthma in children | Asthma symptoms | MedlinePlus. (2017). Retrieved August 28, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/asthmainchildren.html

Asthma in children. (2019). Retrieved August 28, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/childhood-asthma/index.html

Asthma information for patients | AAFA.org. (2015). Retrieved August 28, 2020, from https://www.aafa.org/asthma.aspx

Childhood asthma – Symptoms and causes. (2019). Retrieved August 28, 2020, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351507

Childhood asthma | AAAAI. (2020). Retrieved August 28, 2020, from https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/library/asthma-library/childhood-asthma

What Is COPD?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, refers to a group of long-term, progressive diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems. More than 16 million Americans have COPD and millions more suffer from it but have not been diagnosed and are not being treated. There is currently no cure for COPD, but it can be treated and managed.

COPD includes:

• Emphysema
• Chronic bronchitis

What causes COPD?

COPD is caused by factors that trigger inflammation in the lungs.

• Tobacco Smoke- tobacco smoke is the leading cause of COPD, smoking or inhaling in secondhand smoke can inflame the airways in the lungs
• Occupational Exposure- constant exposure to chemical fumes, dust or pollution
• Outdoor and Indoor Air Pollution- living in an environment with high levels of air pollution
• Socioeconomic Status- research has shown that the risk of developing COPD is associated with lower educational and income levels. Experts believe this is due to factors such as nutrition, overcrowding and air pollution.
• Early Life and Environmental Factors- lung infections in early life and mothers who smoke are risk factors for COPD.
• Genetic Factors- the make-up of a person’s genes can mean they are more susceptible to developing COPD. The most researched genetic problem linked with COPD is a condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency; an inherited condition where a person lacks a protein known as alpha-1 antitrypsin.

What Are The Symptoms?

Emphysema is a condition in which the air sacs (alveoli) are damaged. The air sacs become less elastic, causing air to be trapped in the lungs, making you less able to exhale the normal amount of air from your lungs.

Chronic Bronchitis is a condition in which the airways (bronchial tubes) become inflamed and begin to produce excess mucus. The swelling and the buildup of mucus cause the airways to narrow. Symptoms of COPD include:

• Frequent coughing
• Wheezing
• Excess phlegm, mucus or sputum production
• Shortness of breath
• Trouble taking a deep breath

How Can I Prevent COPD?

Identifying the risk factors and preventing exposure to these factors, is the most important step in preventing the disease. This includes: encouraging people to quit smoking, preventing exposure to passive smoke for unborn babies and infants, reducing exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution.

What To Do If I Think I May Have COPD?

If you think that you may have COPD talk to your doctor, learn more about the signs and symptoms of COPD and talk to your doctor as soon as possible. There is currently no cure for COPD but it can be effectively managed to ease the impact of the symptoms on the quality of your life.  Management of the condition includes:

• Reducing exposure to risk factors, including smoking and air pollution
• Improving exercise ability to help relieve symptoms
• Medical treatment with bronchodilators to help prevent exacerbations
• Oxygen therapy to help ease breathlessness
• People with COPD can be referred onto exercise programs known as pulmonary rehabilitation. These focus on improving a person’s ability to exercise and providing education to help a person manage their own condition.

References

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (2020). Retrieved August 26, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/copd/index.html

COPD information for patients and caregivers | COPD.com. (2019). Retrieved August 26, 2020, from https://www.copd.com/

COPD | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | MedlinePlus. (2017). Retrieved August 26, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/copd.html

What Is Cystic Fibrosis?

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease that affects the lungs, the digestive system, and other organs in the body.

What Causes Cystic Fibrosis?

Cystic fibrosis affects a gene called cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) that regulates the movement of salt in the mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. Instead of these secreted fluids to act as lubricants for the body, a defective gene causes the fluids to be thick and sticky. Obstructing the passageways of the lungs and other body organs. This life-threatening disease can lead to reoccurring lung infections and permanent lung damage. Exposure to tobacco smoke, air pollution, and allergens may all contribute to the long-term progression of the condition.

What are the Symptoms?

When it comes to signs, it varies from the severity of the disease. Depending on the individual, symptoms may change over time. The most common symptoms for lung cystic fibrosis include:

• A persistent cough that produces thick mucus (sputum)
• Higher salt levels in sweat
• Repeated Lung Infections
• Sinusitis
• Wheezing

How Can I Prevent Cystic Fibrosis?

Unfortunately, there is no way to prevent having cystic fibrosis. Since this is a hereditary disease, it would be helpful to do some genetic testing to see if you or your partner is a gene carrier. Prenatal screening is another form of testing. To participate in testing can lead to better-informed decisions and awareness about the condition.

What To Do If I Think I May Have Cystic Fibrosis?

As of right now, there is no cure for cystic fibrosis. However, some specialists can help you manage the condition. Treatments heavily focus on airway clearance, long-term medication, and surgery. It is beneficial to follow your physician’s treatment plan, manage your state, and experience any sudden discomfort to call your physician.

Though there have been great strides towards the cure, there is still more work to be done. It is essential to distribute all information about CF to help the public’s awareness globally. New ways to improve patient care and delivery. Lastly, developing new treatment plans and medications to improve the patient’s quality of life.

Reference

Cystic fibrosis overview. (2020, March 14). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700

Cystic Fibrosis | CF | Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms. (2020, August 24). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/cysticfibrosis.html

Polloli, J. (2013). Cystic fibrosis. Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.europeanlung.org/en/lung-disease-and-information/lung-diseases/cystic-fibrosis

What Is Interstitial Lung Disease In Children?

Interstitial lung disease in children (ChILD) is a group of different conditions that affect various parts of the lungs. ChILD can affect the airways (breathing tubes), alveoli (air sacs), and the tissues surrounding the alveoli. Adults and children can have the same kind of interstitial lung disease, but some forms of ChILD are unique to children and some forms of adult interstitial lung disease that do not affect children. ChILD can be diagnosed in infants, children, and teens.

What Causes Interstitial Lung Disease in Children?

It is difficult to determine a definitive cause. However, some types of chILD are caused by genetic or environmental factors. The following are some examples of:

• Air pollution
• Exposure to irritants
• Bronchiolitis Obliterans
• Exposure to secondhand smoke
• Connective tissue associated lung disease
• Hypersensitivity pneumonia
• Capillaritis
• Sarcoidosis

What Are The Symptoms?

The following symptoms may vary due to the type of condition and the progression of the disease.

• Fast breathing
• Chronic cough
• Wheezing
• Coughing up blood
• Low oxygen levels
• Shortness of breath

How Can I Prevent Interstitial Lung Disease in Children?  

As of now, chILD cannot be prevented. However, you can prevent infections that can worsen the symptoms. For example, encourage handwashing for at least 30 seconds, avoid any substance that can produce a trigger, talk to your child’s health care providers, and reduce air pollution exposure.

What To Do If I Think My Child May Have Interstitial Lung Disease in Children?

ChILD is difficult to detect and diagnose. Because of this, your child should be seen by a pediatric pulmonologist. There is no single test to diagnose ChILD, since each type of ChILD is different. The pediatric pulmonologist will order the test based on the child’s symptoms. The specialist might request the following tests:

• Pulmonary function tests
• Chest X-rays
• CT of the Chest
• Blood tests
• Lung biopsy

Treatment

Due to the rarity of this illness, research has been limited. It is recommended to meet the pediatric pulmonologist to determine the best course of action. Treatment may also vary due to the severity. Treatment options include medication, oxygen therapy, and lung transplant.

References

Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease. (n.d.). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/childhood-interstitial-lung-disease

Sockrider, M., MD, DrPH;, Fan, L., MD, Gettys, A., Deterding, R., MD, Hagood, J., MD, Kurland, G., MD, & McDougal, J., RRT, MAE. (2013). What is Interstitial Lung Disease in Children? [Pamphlet]. American Thoracic Society.

Treatments ILD. (2017, September 12). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/chest-lungs-and-airways/interstitial-lung-disease/treatments.html

What Is Interstitial Lung Disease?

Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) is a broad category that includes multiple lung disorders with shared characteristics. ILD is a result of damage to the cells surrounding the alveoli (air sacs) that lead to scarring and inflammation in the lungs. There is no specific cause to ILD; however, it is essential to recognize contributing factors like:

• Age

• Exposure to radiation
• Genetic History
• Environmental or occupational pollutants (dust, coal, asbestos)

What Are The Different Types of Interstitial Lung Disease?

The following are some types of lung conditions classified as Interstitial Lung Diseases:

• Sarcoidosis
• Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• Bronchiolitis obliterans
• Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia
• Collagen Vascular disease
• Pulmonary Alveolar

What Are The Symptoms?

People with ILD tend to experience:

• Chest Discomfort
• Cyanosis
• Dry Cough
• Fatigue and Weakness
• Shortness of Breath at Rest

It is crucial to recognize that symptoms may vary with the severity of the disease.

How Can I Prevent Interstitial Lung Disease?

Prevention could be possible only if the cause is known. While studies are conducted, it is vital to avoid exposure to environmental or occupational pollutants. Diagnosing ILD can be difficult, but possible. Some tests such as blood tests, imaging tests, pulmonary function tests, and lung tissue analysis. Altering one’s lifestyle can support the prevention of contracting this disease. For example, quitting smoking and receiving immunizations for flu and pneumonia can help protect your lungs. Lastly, scheduling regular doctor’s appointments can support a healthy lifestyle.

What To Do If I Think I May Have Interstitial Lung Disease?

When it comes to the level of treatment, it depends on how severe it is and keeping the disease from getting worse. Possible treatments include medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and surgery.

References

Causes of Interstitial Lung Disease. (2017, September 12). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/chest-lungs-and-airways/interstitial-lung-disease/causes.html

Interstitial Lung Disease Prevention. (2018, April 26). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17809-interstitial-lung-disease/prevention

Interstitial lung disease. (n.d.). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.europeanlung.org/en/lung-disease-and-information/lung-diseases/interstitial-lung-disease

What Is Lung Cancer?

Lung Cancer is a condition where malignant cells develop and spread out throughout the lung tissue. Lung cancer is known as the leading cause of death for both men and women. There are two types of lung cancers: non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer and progresses more slowly. Small cell lung cancer grows faster, more common in men than women (Medline.gov).

What Causes Lung Cancer?

It is essential to be aware of certain behaviors that can increase the chances of susceptibility to the disease. Here are a few risk factors for Lung Cancer:

• Family History
• Exposure to air pollution
• Previous contact radiation therapy
• Exposure to first and secondhand smoke

What Are the Symptoms?

Reports signify that lung cancer does not display any signs or symptoms in the earliest stages but becomes evident when it is advancing. Signs and symptoms may include:

• Coughing
• Trouble breathing
• A constant state of fatigue
• Blood in sputum (mucus coughed up from blood)
• Chest pain

How Can I Prevent Lung Cancer?

There is no defined way to prevent lung cancer. However, there are things you can do to live a healthier quality of life.

• Live a smoke-free life. If you do smoke, quitting reduces your chances of getting lung cancer.
• Avoid secondhand smoke
• Have a healthy diet and exercise

What To Do If I Think I May Have Lung Cancer?

If a person is experiencing multiple symptoms, it is recommended to consult with your health care provider. They may suggest taking a couple of tests, including a physical exam, lab testing, imaging tests, or a biopsy.

Treatments

Treatments ultimately depend on the severity and type of lung cancer. Possible treatments include

• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Surgery

Reference

Lung Cancer 101. (n.d.). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.lungcancer.org/find_information/publications/163-lung_cancer_101/265-what_is_lung_cancer

Lung Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version. (n.d.). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/lung-prevention-pdq

Lung Cancer | Lung Cancer Symptoms. (2020, August 27). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/lungcancer.html

Lung cancer. (2020, April 17). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

What Is Lymphangioleiomyomatosis?

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease that affects the lung, kidneys, and lymphatic system.

What Causes Lymphangioleiomyomatosis?

LAM is a condition caused by a genetic mutation in the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) gene that primarily affects women between the ages of 20 to 40. The genetic mutation grows abnormal cells that spread through the bloodstream into the lungs. Over time, the cells create holes in the lungs tissue that weaken the breathing and the ability to take up oxygen. There are two types of LAM diseases, sporadic and associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. Both sporadic LAM and associated tuberous sclerosis complex LAM occur for unknown reasons.

What Are The Symptoms?

The irregular growth in the lungs may cause different symptoms. Depending on the severity of the disease can cause the following symptoms (Cleveland clinic, 2020):

• Chest pain
• Cough, sometimes with phlegm or blood streaks
• Fatigue
• Pleural effusions (a fluid that accumulates in the chest cavity)
• Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
• Shortness of breath (which can get worse over time)
• Wheezing

How Is Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Diagnosed?

LAM diagnosis presents to be difficult because it has similar signs and symptoms as other lung diseases. A pulmonologist will assess which diagnostic procedure will be best for you. Methods may include:

• Chest X-ray
• Computed Tomography (CT)
• Blood Testing of a blood protein called vascular endothelial growth factor-D
• Lung Biopsy

What To Do If I Think I May Have Lymphangioleiomyomatosis?

There is no current cure for LAM, however, there are effective treatments to help stabilize the disease and prevent it from progressing. A drug called sirolimus is utilized in patients that have LAM. Sirolimus helps stabilize lung function and improve the quality of life in a person suffering from LAM. Doctors may also prescribe oxygen therapy for people with LAM.  Lung transplantation is an option for some people with advanced disease who do not respond to treatment with sirolimus.

It is essential to monitor and follow your treatment plan provided by your physician. Make sure you schedule a follow-up care visit, and lastly, have a support group. Living with LAM disease is not a comfortable journey. However, surrounding yourself with people who support and love you with make the difference.

Reference

General Information About LAM. (2014). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.thoracic.org/patients/lung-disease-week/2014/lam-week/general-info.php

LAM – Genetics Home Reference – NIH. (2020, March). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) Diagnosis and Tests. (2020, January). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16022-lymphangioleiomyomatosis-lam/diagnosis-and-tests

What Is Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis (TB) is an illness caused by bacteria spread from person to person through the air. TB usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect different areas of the body, such as the brain, spine, and kidneys. TB is curable when proper treatment is taken and followed.  Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is caused by a bacterium that is resistant to two most potent TB drugs, isoniazid and rifampin.

What Causes Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis?

Resistance to TB drugs can occur when the drugs are misused or mismanaged. Examples include when patients do not complete their course of treatment; when the wrong drugs are prescribed, when the supply of drugs is not always available, or when the drugs are of poor quality.

It is essential to be aware of specific behaviors that can increase the chances of susceptibility. Here are some risk factors:

• People who do not take their medication
• People who do not follow their physician’s treatment plan
• Exposure to areas where drug-resistant TB is common
• Individuals who develop TB after taking the proper medication.

What Are The Symptoms?

The general symptoms of TB include:

• Chest Pain
• Coughing
• Coughing up Blood

Oher symptoms of in other parts of the body can depend on the area TB has affected.

How Can I Prevent Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis?  :

Unfortunately, there is no way to fully prevent MDR-TB. It is recommended to receive immunization for TB, follow their healthcare provider’s treatment plan and limit exposure to people and areas known for having MDR-TB.

What To Do If I Think I May Have Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis?

The treatment for MDR-TB has always been challenging to treat. There have been great strides in finding the cure for MDR-TB; however, it has been required to use additional drugs and present more side effects. There is a vaccine available in other countries. However, it is not

offered in the United States due to its ineffectiveness. The World Health Organization revised the guidelines on the MDR-TB treatment procedure and provided solutions.

Reference

Fact Sheets. (2016, May 04). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/drtb/mdrtb.htm

Kanabus, A. (2020, August). MDR TB – Multi drug resistant TB. Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://tbfacts.org/mdr-tb/

What is multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and how do we control it? (2018, January 16). Retrieved September 04, 2020, from https://www.who.int/westernpacific/news/q-a-detail/what-is-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)-and-how-do-we-control-it

What Is Occupational Lung Disease?

Occupational or work-related lung disease is the term used to describe lung health diseases fully or partially related to materials exposed at work. Many lung health diseases could be caused or made worse by materials in the workplace. Each material will affect the lungs in different ways and trigger various symptoms.

Occupational hazards and materials account for the more than one in ten people with a lung health disease. The most common Occupational Lung Disease include:

• Work Related Asthma
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Interstitial Lung Disease
• Fibrotic Lung Disease
• Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
• Lung Cancer
• Lung Infection
• Bronchiolitis Obliterans

What Causes Occupational Lung Disease?

• Inadequate regulations and enforcement that fail to assure that the workplace can be safe
• New technology and work exposure
• Greater exposure for people working in indoor environments such as schools and hospitals

What Are the Symptoms?

There are different signs to be aware of different lung diseases. The following are the most common symptoms of lung diseases:

• Coughing
• Shortness of Breathe
• Chest Pain and/or Tightness

You may notice symptoms shortly after starting a new job or if the exposures at work have changed. If symptoms improve when you are away from work, such as during vacation or the holidays, then further investigation is required to see the cause of it.

How Can You Prevent Occupational Lung Disease?

The best prevention for occupational lung disease is to reduce, avoid, and eliminate material exposure at the workplace. Examples that can be done to control exposure include:

• Replace hazardous material with safer alternatives
• Wear the proper protective devices such as respirators or face masks whenever you are exposed to materials
• Make sure there is proper ventilation system that pulls hazardous material away and filters properly changed as recommended
• Educate colleagues about the lung disease risk at the workplace
• Stop smoking. Smoking increases the risk for occupational lung disease

What Should I Do If I Think I May Have Occupational Lung Disease?

If occupational lung disease is suspected, please request to be referred to a health care provider who specializes in pulmonary or occupational medicine. You can find a list of occupational medicine providers at The Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics (AOEC). Http://www.aoec.org/directory.htm

To report unsafe conditions at work, please contact the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) at https://www.osha.gov/.

To request a Health Hazard Evaluation (HHE) from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) please contact here https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/request.html.

You are eligible to file for a worker’s compensation claim if lung disease is determined to be due to work. Work compensation can pay for medical care and provide financial support if you are unable to work. You should contact the works’ compensation office in your state to file a claim.

References

American Thoracic Society. (2016). Work-Related Lung Disease. Retrieved August 25, 2020, from https://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/occupational-lung-disease.pdf

Occupational hazards account for more than one in ten people with range of lung diseases. (2019). Retrieved August 25, 2020, from https://www.thoracic.org/about/newsroom/press-releases/journal/2019/occupational-hazards-account-for-more-than-one-in-ten-people-with-range-of-lung-diseases.php

What Is Pulmonary Rehabilitation?

Pulmonary rehabilitation is a comprehensive therapy program that includes, but is not limited to, exercise, education, and behavior change to improve the physical and psychological condition of people with chronic respiratory disease.

What Are The Benefits Of Pulmonary Rehabilitation?

Pulmonary rehabilitation should help you do more of the things you enjoy and to feel better.

• Improve shortness of breath
• Improve the quality of life
• Improve people’s physical abilities and exercises tolerance
• Reduce hospitalizations
• Improve mental health
• Allow to have a greater understating of your condition and how to manage it

Who Needs Pulmonary Rehabilitation?

Your health care provider may recommend pulmonary rehabilitation if you have a chronic lung disease or another condition that makes it hard for you to breathe or get tired easily out by daily activities.

If you have one of the following conditions, you may benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation:

• Bronchiectasis
• Chronic Bronchitis
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Emphysema
• Lung Cancer
• Interstitial Lung Disease
• Pre/Post Lung Transplant
• Pulmonary Hypertension

How Long Does A Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program Take?

Most programs meet two to three times a week and programs can last 4 to 12 weeks or more. Attending every session is essential to get the optimal result.

How Do I Get Into A Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program? 

Ask your healthcare provider if a referral to a pulmonary rehabilitation program is right for you.

Cost and insurance coverage for pulmonary rehabilitation will depend on where you live and what program you select. Some insurance plans require authorization before treatment, and Medicare has specific coverage rules depending on the state you live. The pulmonary rehabilitation program coordinator of the program you select can tell you if you qualify and what the cost of the program will be.

References

American Thoracic Society. (2018). Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/pulmonary-rehab.pdf

National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. (2020). Pulmonary rehabilitation. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/pulmonary-rehabilitation

What Is Pulmonary Vascular Disease?

Pulmonary vascular disease is a term of medical conditions that affect blood circulation and vessels in the lungs. The causes of it can vary according to which lung blood vessels are affected. If a pulmonary vascular disease is not treated it can lead to cardiovascular issues as well as impair the quality of life of an individual. Pulmonary Vascular Disease is divided into several categories:

• Chronic Thromboembolic Disease
• Pulmonary Edema
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Pulmonary Hypertension

What Are The Causes of Pulmonary Vascular Disease?

Chronic Thromboembolic Disease is caused by blood clots that do not dissolve in the lungs. These clots cause scaring in the tissues that clog up and/or narrow the small blood vessels in the lungs.

Pulmonary Edema occurs when fluid builds up in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. It can be caused by heart failure, weakening of the heart muscles, exercising at very high altitudes, direct damage of the lungs by infection or poisonous gas, side effects of medications, and trauma. All these can place pressure in the blood vessels, forcing fluids to be pushed into the lungs.

Pulmonary Embolism occurs when a blood clot develops in a blood vessel in the body (often in the leg or pelvis). It then travels to a lung artery where it suddenly blocks blood flow. Certain groups of people are more at risk of developing these blood clots, including the elderly, people who have undergone a medical or surgical procedure that has resulted in long periods in bed, people with a history of blood clots, and under hormone replacement therapy.

Pulmonary Hypertension is caused by high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood from the heart to the lungs. It can damage the right part of the heart making it unable to circulate blood around the body and can lead to heart failure. There are different forms of pulmonary hypertension and doctors’ class the disease into five main groups:

1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension
2. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases such as mitral valve disease or long-term high blood pressure
3. Pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease or lack of oxygen such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) or interstitial lung disease
4. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, where the blood vessels are blocked or narrowed by blood clots
5. Pulmonary hypertension triggered by other medical conditions

What Are The Symptoms?

The symptoms of pulmonary vascular disease vary according to which blood vessels are affected and how much the pulmonary vascular system is affected. The following symptoms are the most common symptoms seen in pulmonary vascular disease.

• Breathing sounds that mimic a bubbly sound
• Chest Pain
• Coughing or Coughing up Blood
• Dizziness
• Edema in the feet, legs, stomach, or neck
• Fainting
• Fatigue
• Feeling of Suffocation
• Irregular Heartbeat
• Palpitations
• Shortness of Breath
• Sweating
• Syncope
• Tightness in the chest
• Wheezing

How Is Pulmonary Vascular Disease Diagnosed?  

Your healthcare provider will conduct a variety of tests to diagnose if you have a Pulmonary Vascular Disease and diagnose the specific condition you may have.

Test can include:

• Blood Test to check Oxygen Levels
• Chest X-Ray
• CT Scan
• Echocardiogram
• Electrocardiogram
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Right Heart Catheterization
• Pulmonary Angiogram
• Ventilation-Perfusion Scan

Once a diagnosis is determined, your healthcare team will develop a personalized plan that may include a variety of medications and surgery depending on your age, condition, and medical history.

What is Pulmonary Vascular Disease Treated?  

Chronic Thromboembolic Disease – A surgical procedure called pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) is preferred to treat Chronic Thromboembolic Disease. In this procedure, the patient is placed on a heart-lung bypass machine to stop the heart and allow organs to obtain blood, while the heart is stopped, the surgeon enters and removes all clots from the arteries in the lungs. When surgery is not feasible, there are two treatment options: medical therapy to dilate pulmonary arteries and a pulmonary angioplasty.

Pulmonary Edema – The treatment varies by patient, based on the different underlying causes. Your provider may prescribe medication such a diuretic, also called a water pill, that can help lower the pressure on the heart and lungs. For those that get pulmonary edema due to heart failure, having a well-balanced diet and maintaining body weight can help reduce the risk of future episodes.

Pulmonary Embolism – Blood thinners, such as warfarin and heparin, can be given to reduce the chance of blood clots. These medications do not dissolve blood clots but allow your body to normally dissolve them over time. Exercise, wearing compression socks, and maintain a healthy weight can help reduce the risk of forming future blood clots. In urgent cases, a catheter procedure and/or an inferior vena cava filter can be done to remove blood clots.

Pulmonary Hypertension – There is no known cure for pulmonary hypertension, and treatment varies by patient, based on the different underlying causes. Many medications are available to treat pulmonary hypertension and can include oxygen therapy, blood thinners, diuretics, potassium, sildenafil, and more. If pulmonary hypertension is due to chronic thromboembolic disease, a surgical procedure known as pulmonary endarterectomy can be performed to clear all clots and scar material in the blood vessels of the lungs. If the condition is severe, lung transplantation may be an option.

Remember that each patient is different. It is essential that you talk to your own doctor about what treatment options are best for you.

References

American Heart Association. (2020). Pulmonary hypertension – High blood pressure in the heart-to-Lung system. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure/pulmonary-hypertension-high-blood-pressure-in-the-heart-to-lung-system#:~:text=The%20World%20Health%20Organization%20has%20established%20five%20groups%20of%20pulmonary%20hypertension

American Thoracic Society. (n.d.). Pulmonary Embolism. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/pulmonary-embolism.pdf

Chest Foundation. (2020). Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://foundation.chestnet.org/lung-health-a-z/pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-pah/

Harvard University. (2020). Pulmonary vascular disease. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://acil.med.harvard.edu/pulmonary-vascular-disease

Mayo Clinic. (2020). Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Symptoms and causes. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465

What Is Sarcoidosis?

Sarcoidosis is a rare inflammatory disease that produces tiny lumps of cells called granulomas in one or more organs in the body. Sarcoidosis in the lungs is called pulmonary sarcoidosis.

When granulomas form in the lungs, they reduce the amount of air the lungs can hold and cause stiffness of the lungs. Granulomas generally heal and disappear on their own. But if they do not heal, the lungs can become scarred or be changed in structure leading to either Pulmonary Fibrosis or Bronchiectasis.

What Causes Sarcoidosis?

The cause of sarcoidosis is still unknown. The disease can affect people of every race, sex, and age. What it is known is:

• It is not infectious
• It is not a form of cancer
• Can be a heredity component but further research is needed to determine that.

What Are the Symptoms?

Symptoms can vary and no single test can provide a definite diagnosis of the disease. Some individuals can have symptoms found in many other illnesses. Talk with your healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis.

Common symptoms found in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis:

• Shortness of Breath
• Wheezing
• Dry Cough
• Chest Pain

Symptoms not directly related to the lungs:

• Fatigue
• A flu like illness with fever, tiredness, and joint pains
• Red rash in the skin
• Eye irritation and vision problems
• Swollen glands which can be felt in the neck and in the face
• Headaches
• Difficulty concentrating and remembering facts

How Is Sarcoidosis Diagnosed?

There is no single test to diagnose sarcoidosis. Testing usually includes:

• Chest X-ray
• Pulmonary Function Test
• Tissue Biopsy
• Eye Exam
• Blood test, including liver and kidney function, calcium, and other blood values of the immune system
• CT Scan
• Gallium Scan
• Electrocardiogram (EKG)

How Is Sarcoidosis Treated?

Most people who are diagnosed with sarcoidosis get better without treatment and lead a normal life. The treatments used for sarcoidosis are generally given to reduce the inflammation and slow the growth of granulomas.  Speak with your provider to see what treatments and options are available for you and to create a plan. If you are taking one or more medicines for sarcoidosis you will need to be monitored closely by your provider. Medication for sarcoidosis can include:

• Corticosteroids
• Methotrexate
• Azathioprine
• Hydroxychloroquine
• Chlorambucil
• Cyclophosphamide
• Pentoxifylline

Living with sarcoidosis can affect you emotionally as well. It is important that you get the support you need. Talk to your provider about:

• How you are feeling emotionally
• How to maintain your quality of life
• Improve diet and activity
• Resources to stop smoking or vaping
• Support groups available for people with sarcoidosis

References

American Thoracic Society. (2006). Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/what-is-sarcoidosis.pdf

Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research. (2016). Sarcoidosis, what is it? Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/what-is-sarcoidosis/

What Is Sleep Disordered Breathing?

Sleep disordered breathing refers to a range of conditions that result to abnormal breathing during sleep. Which include:

• Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
• Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)
• Sleep-related Hypoventilation Disorder
• Sleep-related Hypoxemia Disorder

Obstructive Sleep Apnea is the most common condition found in all ages. Apnea means a temporary pause in breathing.

What Causes Sleep Disordered Breathing?

Sleep apneas are caused when the muscles in the roof of the mouth, tongue, and tonsils relax during sleep, narrowing your airways that they close. This prevents air to enter to your lungs for a few seconds, cutting off the oxygen supply to your body and halting the removal of carbon dioxide. Because of this, your brain wakes you up to re-open your airways and re-start your breathing. The lack of oxygen your body receives can have negative long-term consequences to your health and can contribute to the development of high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and depression.

Factors that can increase the likelihood of sleep apnea are moderate or severe obesity, smoking, and alcohol. Some people are more likely to develop sleep apnea because of their genes. Sleep apnea is found more commonly in men than in women. It can also occur in children with the common factor being the enlargement of tonsils. In some children and adults, severe congestion can make the condition worse.

What Are The Symptoms:

The most common symptom of Obstructive Sleep Apnea includes:

• Loud and frequent snores
• Sound of gasping during sleep
• Silent pauses in breathing during sleep
• Awakening with choking
• Restless sleep
• Insomnia
• Salivating and teeth grinding
• Excessive sleepiness
• Lack of Concentration
• Dry Mouth
• Impotence or a decrease of sex drive

How Can I Prevent Sleep Disordered Breathing?

Where relevant, lifestyle changes can assist with OSA. Which include:

• Weight lost
• Sleep position
• Reducing the amount of alcohol or smoking/vaping consumption

What To Do If I Think I May Have Sleep Disordered Breathing?

If a form of sleep disorder is suspected, please request to be referred to a health care provider who specializes in sleep disorders and select a treatment plan that is right for you. Your plan may include a combination of the following treatments:

• Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) – CPAP is a machine that uses air to gently keep your airway open throughout the night, so you can breathe. You sleep with a mask with a hose that is attached to the machine kept at the bedside. Mask and machine vary depending on treatment and comfort needs.
• Oral Appliances – Is a device that fits your mouth over your teeth while you sleep. The device prevents your airways to collapse by holding your tongue in place or moving your jaw forward. This allows you to breathe better while you sleep.
• Surgery – Surgery may be recommended to move the jaw forward or enlarge airways if there is a deformity. A surgery call Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is done to remove part of roof of the mouth and the tonsils to help enlarge the airways and reduce closure.

References

American Thoracic Society. (2017). What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults? Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults.pdf

American Thoracic Society. (n.d.). Sleep Problems in Asthma and COPD. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/sleep-problems-asthma-copd.pdf

Nancy R, F. R., & Waters, T. E. (2017). Sleep Disorder Breathing. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28777178/

What Is A Spirometry Test?

Spirometry is a pulmonary function test that measures the amount and speed of air a person can inhale and exhale in a certain amount of time. It is used to help identify and monitor lung conditions. A spirometry test requires you to breathe into a tube attached to a machine called a spirometer.

What Are The Benefits Of A Spirometry Test?

A healthcare provider will refer a patient to have a spirometry test if they suspect that the signs or symptoms are caused by a chronic lung condition.

Example of lung conditions that can be identified using a spirometry are:

• Asthma
• Chronic Bronchitis
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Emphysema
• Pulmonary Fibrosis

If you have been diagnosed with a chronic lung condition, a spirometry test may be used to check the severity of the condition or see how your body is responding to treatment.

Are There Risks Associated With It?

Spirometry is considered to be a safe test. Some people may feel dizzy, short of breath, and tired after performing it. If you have a health condition or have had a recent medical procedure, please inform the medical team before undergoing the exam.

Always make sure to ask any questions before the test is started.

What Happens During A Spirometry Test?

The technician, nurse, or health care provider will always be providing instructions on how to do the test, step by step. Ask questions if something is not clear. Simple information may be requested from you such as your age, height, and gender. That information will be inserted into the spirometer to get a predicted value of what a normal lung capacity should be.

When you are ready for the test, you will be asked to:

• Seat back comfortably in a chair
• A nose clip may be placed on your nose to prevent any air to escape from your nostrils
• Place your mouth on the mouthpiece, being careful not to insert the tongue inside the hollow section of the tube

• Close your lips tightly around the mouthpiece
• Inhale fully, so your lungs are filled with air
• Exhale into the tube as quickly and forcefully as you can for several seconds or told to stop

The spirometry test is done at least three times to obtain the most accurate result.

What Are The Results Use For?

A spirometer measures the amount of air you can breathe out in one second and the total volume of air you can exhale in one forced breath. The values provided by your test will be compared with a normal result of someone with your age, height, and gender. This will show if a lung condition is present. Your provider will explain what your test results mean. Depending on the results of the test, your doctor may prescribe inhalers or medicines to help improve your lung function.

References

American Thoracic Society. (n.d.). Pulmonary Function Test. Retrieved August 28, 2020, from https://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/pulmonary-function-tests.pdf

Mayo Clinic. (2017). Spirometry. Retrieved August 28, 2020, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/spirometry/about/pac-20385201